"Alan Turing famously thought that the question of whether machines can think is "too meaningless" to deserve discussion. To better define "thinking machines" or artificial intelligence, Turing proposed "The Imitation Game," now usually called "The Turing Test," in which an interrogator has to determine which of two entities in another room is a person and which is a machine by asking them both questions."
"I believe that in about fifty years' time it will be possible to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 10^9, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70% chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning. ... I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted."
"Spoiler: The Imitation Game wasn't passed according to Turing's criteria in 2000, and probably hasn't been passed in 2025. Of course, there have been major advances in the field of artificial intelligence over the years, but the new goal is to achieve artificial general intelligence (AGI), which as we'll see is much more ambitious."
Artificial intelligence has taken many forms and continues to evolve toward more ambitious objectives. The Imitation Game, commonly called the Turing Test, requires an interrogator to distinguish a human from a machine by questioning both. A mid-20th-century prediction expected conversationally convincing computers within decades, but that benchmark was not met by 2000 and likely remained unmet by 2025. Major advances have occurred in AI, shifting emphasis from narrow tasks to the pursuit of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Language modeling originates in early statistical work on sequential dependencies in text, exemplified by analyses using Markov chains.
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