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Global databases and taxonomic catalogs document freshwater fish species occurrences across drainage basins and support species discovery and identification. Functional ecology approaches use traits to understand fish roles and predict ecosystem responses. Freshwater biodiversity provides essential ecosystem services and underpins human well-being but is threatened by habitat degradation, pollution, overexploitation, and invasive species. River degradation is evident from altered fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Climatic vulnerability assessments and climate-change impact studies reveal varied risks to freshwater fishes and inform adaptation strategies. Governance of fisheries, including recreational sectors, interacts with conservation needs, and scientists warn of an accelerating biodiversity crisis.
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