When JetBrains introduced Kotlin in 2011, the JVM landscape was already populated with several alternative languages like Scala, Groovy, Clojure, and Ceylon. Each of these languages provided distinct features aimed at overcoming limitations of Java; however, their widespread adoption remained limited to specific niches. JetBrains recognized that by analyzing the shortcomings in these alternatives, they could develop Kotlin to fill those gaps, thus applying strategic business insight alongside a pragmatic approach to language design.
Java developers in 2010 faced multiple compelling JVM alternatives, yet none achieved broad adoption. JetBrains' decision to create Kotlin stemmed from understanding these market gaps.
Scala, Groovy, Clojure, and Ceylon each offered unique benefits, but their niche appeal pointed to larger systemic issues in Java that Kotlin aimed to address.
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