#etcd

#etcd

The feat was achieved by re-architecting key components of Kubernetes' control plane and storage backend, replacing the traditional etcd data store with a custom Spanner-based system that can support massive scale, and optimizing cluster APIs and scheduling logic to reduce load from constant node and pod updates. The engineering team also introduced new tooling for automated, parallelized node pool provisioning and faster resizing, helping overcome typical bottlenecks that would hinder responsiveness at such a scale.